Basic literacy among Filipinos is at 90%

The basic literacy rate among those five years old and older Filipinos was estimated at 90%, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported, citing data from latest survey results.

According to the PSA’s 2024 Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS), about 93.1 million Filipinos out of 103.5 million of the total population are considered to be literate on a basic level.

The PSA defines “basic literacy” as the ability of a person to read and write a simple message in any language or dialect with understanding, and to compute or perform basic mathematical operations.

On the other hand, functional literacy is classified as the ability of a person to read, write, compute and comprehend and includes higher level of comprehension skills, such as integrating two or more pieces of information and making inferences based on the given information.

Functional literacy rate was at 70.8% or about 60.2 million Filipinos out of 85 million aged 10 to 64, the PSA said.

Females recorded a basic literacy rate of 90.9% while males posted a basic literacy rate of 89%.

Those in the 20-24 age group were the most literate at the basic level with a 96.1% rate, while those aged 60 and over were the least at 76.2%.

Seven out of 18 regions posted higher basic literacy rates than the national average.

Central Luzon led with a basic literacy rate of 92.8%. It was followed by Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR, 92.7%), Calabarzon (92.6%), Central Visayas (92.1%),

National Capital Region (NCR, 92%), Northern Mindanao (90.8%), and Davao Region (90.2%).

Meanwhile, four regions surpassed the functional literacy rates at the national level. These were CAR (81.2%), NCR (79.9%), Calabarzon (77.3%), and Central Luzon (73%).

The FLEMMS is conducted every five years, and the latest edition is the seventh in the series of literacy surveys that started in 1989. The 2024 survey was conducted between September to October 2024.

Source: Business World

10 Trends as Home Attainability Remains Constrained

ULI Asia Pacific has released its 2025 Asia Pacific Home Attainability Index, revealing persistent challenges to affordable or accessible housing across the region. The fourth edition of the report assesses 51 market segments across 41 major cities.

Home attainability in the context of this report means median home prices which are no more than five times median annual household income and median monthly rents which are no more than 30 percent on median monthly income.

“Four years of ULI analysis paint a consistent and concerning picture: attaining affordable and adequate housing remains out of reach for far too many across our dynamic region,” said Alan Beebe, CEO, ULI Asia Pacific. “While rental markets offer a crucial lifeline, the fundamental challenge of purchasing a home persists, particularly in major economic hubs. This year’s Index reinforces that solving this requires government policy, innovative financing, embracing new construction technologies, and practical public-private partnerships focused on delivering diverse housing options at scale.”

“Home attainability remains constrained across the region, despite income growth and price dips in some markets,” said Mark Cooper, Senior Director, Thought Leadership, ULI Asia Pacific and lead author of the report. “This year’s report underscores a deepening divide, with rental housing offering significantly more relief than home purchase, and major cities becoming increasingly exclusive. Hong Kong apartments are still the second most unattainable in the region.”

10 Trends: Asia Pacific’s Housing

1. Home attainability remains constrained across the region: Only seven market segments out of 51 offered home attainability to buyers—homes priced at five times median income or less—in 2024. This is the same number as in 2023. Furthermore, no city in the report scores below four for purchase attainability. Across such a large and diverse region, a crude average of segment attainability scores for 2024 and 2023 is more or less identical (2024: 11.68, 2023:12).

2. Major cities are the most expensive: Only three market segments in major cities across the region offer homes at or less than five times median income: Singapore HDB apartments and apartments in Melbourne and Kuala Lumpur. Singapore is the only capital city to offer attainable homes for purchase.

3. Rental housing is more attainable region-wide: rental homes are considerably more attainable than for-sale properties; 41 out of 51 market segments offer rental homes at below 30% of monthly income. The more expensive segments for rental tend to be in first tier cities in both developed and developing nations, although there are exceptions, such as apartments in Tokyo’s 23 Wards, also known as Tokyo Ku, where rents are only 17% of median income.

The drivers of housing attainability remain the same. Factors affecting demand include population growth, population age profile, household formation, urbanisation, immigration, income growth, the cost and availability of financing, and transaction costs. Factors affecting supply include government provision of housing for sale or rent, the availability and cost of land, the construction materials and labour costs, and the cost and availability of financing, planning regulations, and infrastructure development.

4. Hong Kong scores worst for home attainability: Falling property prices in Hong Kong have made apartments marginally more affordable, they were 23.4 times median annual household income in 2024, compared with 26.5 times in 2022. However, Hong Kong apartments are still the second most unattainable in the region. Meanwhile, average rents are 72% of median monthly income, up from 70% in 2022 and 69% in 2023, as rents have continued to rise.

5. China price drops have boosted attainability, but provided little comfort for buyers: China has seen prices fall in major cities in recent years, but they remain above 10 times household income in all cities covered in this report and above 20 times in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. Furthermore, the prospect of prices falling further has kept buyers out of the market.

6. Interest rate cuts have boosted attainability in some markets: Lower interest rates in markets including Australia, Korea and China have made buying a home more attainable. However, the interest rate outlook for the region and the world has become more uncertain in 2025, so the cost of borrowing may remain elevated in many markets. Furthermore, lower interest rates are a double-edged sword, as they also drive higher prices.

7. Government policy leads the way: While the private sector is responsible for delivering the bulk of housing in most markets, the single biggest driver of market conditions is government legislation and regulation. This means boosting housing attainability requires public-private partnerships.

8. The Affordability-Accessibility Divide: In developed markets, homes are unattainable because they are too expensive, however in larger developing markets such as India and Indonesia, there remains a shortage of basic housing for millions of people. The Indonesian government estimates that one-third of households do not have access to adequate housing. There, a public housebuilding programme has not been able to keep pace with population growth.

9. Multifamily Housing’s Untapped Potential: The multifamily residential sector is relatively undeveloped in the Asia Pacific region (except Japan), though growing in China and Australia. This report shows that rental housing is more attainable, thus boosting supply will improve attainability. Furthermore, renting remains very affordable in many markets, with rents less than 25% of monthly income. This suggests potential for the real estate industry to deliver more rental properties and the potential for boosted returns.

There is also increasing demand for related rental residential sectors, such as senior living, co-living, and student accommodation. These could provide additional opportunities for real estate investors and developers, which may contribute to overall housing attainability.

10. Tech’s Promise: Adoption of modular construction, 3D printing, and other proptech lags in housing development but holds significant potential to reduce costs and construction times in the future.

Generational Impact

There are also particular demographics in Tier I cities with greater challenges, particularly younger people and young families. In a city such as Hong Kong, where both rents and prices are high, it is difficult for younger people to save enough to buy a home. Meanwhile, in many cities, elderly people find housing just as unattainable as their younger fellow citizens. There is clearly potential for further investigation of the housing challenges which face different generations.

ULI HAI Report 2025_Finalised_9 July.pdf

Download PDF • 9.17MB

Source: Urban Land

Naturalization for a foreigner married to a Filipina

The process that foreigners undergo to become Filipino citizens is called naturalization.

Naturalization is a legal process that grants foreigners full recognition as citizens of the Philippines. It gives them rights and privileges such as voting, obtaining a Philippine passport and accessing public services. As citizens, they also gain the right to legally work or run a business in the country and to receive protection from the government.

Along with these rights come responsibilities, such as paying taxes and obeying the laws of the country. The naturalization process in the Philippines ensures that those who wish to become citizens truly understand and accept the responsibilities and rights of being a Filipino.

Marriage between a foreigner and a Filipina does not automatically grant the foreigner Filipino citizenship. Section 2 of Commonwealth Act (CA) 473, or the Revised Naturalization Law, outlines the qualifications required for naturalization: "Sec. 2. Qualifications. – Subject to Section four of this Act, any person having the following qualifications may become a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization:

"First. He must be not less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the hearing of the petition;

"Second. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten years;

"Third. He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the Philippine Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with the community in which he is living;

"Fourth. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation;

"Fifth. He must be able to speak and write English or Spanish and any one of the principal Philippine languages; and

"Sixth. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age, in any of the public schools or private schools recognized by the Office of Private Education of the Philippines, where the Philippine history, government and civics are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen."

One of the basic qualifications is continuous residence in the country for at least ten (10) years. However, according to Section 3(3) of CA 473, the required 10 years of continuous residence in the Philippines may be reduced to five (5) years if the applicant is married to a Filipina, viz.: "Sec. 3. Special qualifications.

The ten years of continuous residence required under the second condition of the last preceding Sec. shall be understood as reduced to five years for any petitioner having any of the following qualifications: x x x "3. Being married to a Filipino woman; x x x" In response to your question, your marriage did not automatically make your French husband a Filipino citizen. He still has to go through the process of naturalization.

He will need to submit an application, and it will be carefully reviewed by the court to determine whether he will be granted a Certificate of Naturalization. The effect of your marriage is that the required 10 years of continuous residence in the Philippines will be reduced. It may become only five (5) years instead of 10.

Aside from this, he must still meet the qualifications stated by law, and he must not fall under any of the disqualifications.

The disqualifications are listed in Section 4 of C.A. 473: "Sec. 4. Who are disqualified. – The following cannot be naturalized as Philippine citizens:

"Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments;

"Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination for the success and predominance of their ideas;

"Polygamists or believers in the practice of polygamy;

"Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;

"Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;

"Persons who, during the period of their residence in the Philippines, have not mingled socially with the Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions, and ideals of the Filipinos;

"Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the United States and the Philippines are at war, during the period of such war;

"Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become naturalized citizens or subjects thereof."

Source: Manila Times